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Monday, 19 September 2016

Privacy Shield – history, key links

This blog contains a chronology and key official links regarding the EU-US Privacy Shield, which replaced the EU-US Safe Harbor scheme, as a resource for ease of historical reference. As I’m UK-based, this inevitably has a UK slant, so any suggestions of further links would be welcome. (I aim to record official links only, not links to news stories, unless they provide useful information not available officially)

Snowden’s revelations of mass surveillance by US and other countries’ intelligence or security authorities kickstarted Safe Harbor’s demise and its replacement by the Privacy Shield. With a few exceptions, the chronology below starts with the Schrems ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on 6 October 2015, where the CJEU invalidated the EU-US Safe Harbour framework.

The links in this blog are up to date as of 6 August 2017.

Key current links

CJEU:

  • Challenges to the Privacy Shield are in progress before the Court of Justice of the EU: by Digital Rights Ireland (Case T-670/16) and La Quadrature du Net & others (Case T-738/16)

US:

European Commission:

  • Privacy Shield webpage
  • See also the 12 July 2016 entry (in red) in the Chronology below, for Commission and US links on the finalised Privacy Shield framework.

European Parliament:

WP29:

  • Privacy Shield Joint Review, WP29 letter to Commissioner Jourová, 15 June 2017
  • Preparation of the Privacy Shield annual Joint Review, WP29 press release 13 June 2017 - lists WP29's key concerns: legal guarantees regarding automated decision making, any DoC guidance on the application of the Privacy Shield principles to organisations acting as agents/processors, definition of human resources data; evidence that bulk collection, when it exists, is “as tailored as feasible”, limited and proportionate, information on the nomination of the four missing members  of the PCLOB, the appointment of the Ombudsperson and procedures governing the Ombudsperson mechanism
  • Feedback from the visit of Working Party 29 Chair, Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin to Washington, WP29 press release, 5 April 2017 - emphasis added:
    • "...The FTC and the Ombudsperson reiterated their general support to the Privacy Shield and their willingness to help the European Commission and the WP29 in their annual review. However, some of the key functions in the Privacy Shield architecture still need to be definitely appointed following the US election (Ombudsperson, FTC commissioners and PCLOB members). In addition, the organization of the annual review must be discussed in depth and in detail with the US authorities especially regarding access to documents. In that regard, Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin recalls that the objective of this annual review exercise is to verify through concrete evidences if US commitments under the Privacy Shield are fulfilled. It is essential that US authorities provide substance and demonstrate to EU stakeholders that the system is in place and works effectively so that this instrument ensures real and effective protection to EU data according to EU standards. The civil society expressed its concerns on the current context at national level especially on the renewal of Section 702 and on the overturn of FCC ebroadband privacy rules. The US Business industry supports the Privacy Shield as a solution bringing legal certainty to their transfers of data from the EU. In this context, the WP29 engaged at this plenary the discussions with the Commission as regard the organization of the joint review."
    • Visit of Working Party 29 Chair, Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin, in Washington, WP29 press release, 31 March 2017
  • Form for submission of requests to the US Ombudsperson
  • Rules of procedure for the submission of requests to the Ombudsperson via the “EU Centralised Body” under Rec.119 Shield Decision and Annex III on Privacy Shield Ombudsperson mechanism
  • Rules of procedure for the informal panel of DPAs under Rec.49 Shield Decision & supplemental principle III.5 ( Operation of DPA Panels), Annex II
  • Complaint form for submitting commercial related complaints (i.e. complaints about US organisations under the Privacy Shield) to EU DPAs
  • EU-US Privacy Shield - F A Q for European Individuals - wp246
  • EU-US Privacy Shield - F A Q for European Businesses - wp245

Pinsent Masons note on the final Privacy Shield (full disclosure – I was involved in this).

Chronology (reverse order)

For abbreviations, see the end.

31 March 2017

EU-U.S. data flows and data protection: opportunities and challenges in the digital era: speech by Commissioner Jourová in Washington D.C., announcing the first joint annual review of the Privacy Shield for September 2017.

29 March 2017

Announcement of Commissioner Jourová's visit to Washington D.C. to discuss, inter alia, the Privacy Shield.

27 January 2017

Taking data protection into a digital and globalised era: Joint Statement by Vice-President Ansip and Commissioner Jourová ahead of the 2017 Data Protection day, including: "Now, over 1700 companies have signed up to the Privacy Shield, with 700 further applications in the pipeline. We will continue to promote our data protection values at international level. This is why we will actively engage with key partners, such as Japan and South Korea, to reach adequacy decisions."

31 Oct 2016

Re-certifications under Safe Harbor will no longer be accepted (see US Department of Commerce Safe Harbor webpage).

19 Sept 2016

Subscribers to Privacy Shield as at this date (see the list) include, among cloud providers, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Salesforce and Workday, but not yet Dropbox, Facebook, IBM or Twitter.

2 Aug 2016

US:

1 Aug 2016

Privacy Shield Framework in force.

Commission:

US Department of Commerce note about commencement date (on old Safe Harbor webpage)

26 July 2016

WP29:

  • Press release – statement on the decision of the European Commission on the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, noting:
    • the continuing lack of ‘specific rules on automated decisions and of a general right to object’
    • lack of clarity regarding how the Privacy Shield’s principles apply to processors
    • guarantees regarding the Ombudsperson were less strict than ‘expected’
    • lack of ‘concrete assurances’ that US authorities do not engage in mass indiscriminate data collection (despite ODNI’s commitment not to do so)
    • the first joint annual review of the Privacy Shield will be a ‘key moment’ for assessing its robustness and efficiency, and the review’s results regarding US authorities’ access to data transferred under the Privacy Shield ‘may also impact’ Mechanisms such as SCCs and BCRs
      • Does this imply that most DPAs will hold off from taking action regarding SCCs or BCRs until the first annual review?

12 July 2016

Privacy Shield adequacy decision adopted by Commission.

Commission:

US Department of Commerce:

Other:

  • Criticism by Max Schrems and MEP Jan-Philipp Albrecht, Irish Times

8 July 2016

Art. 31 Committee meeting approving Privacy Shield.

Commission:

Art. 31 Committee:

1 July 2016

WP29:

30 May 2016

European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS):

26 May 2016

European Parliament:

25 May 2016

Ireland:

  • Irish Data Protection Commissioner announces it is to refer the validity of SCCs to the CJEU
    • Note: the model clauses Decisions suffer from the same flaw regarding DPA powers as the Safe Harbor Decision, see Schrems summary below, and the Commission has not corrected that defect despite its November 2015 Communication (see below), so the SCCs Decisions could well be invalidated on that basis alone, regardless of US surveillance issues

13 April 2016

WP29 issued its opinion on draft Privacy Shield documents and a document on essential guarantees regarding state surveillance.

WP29:

  • Press release - statement on the opinion on the EU-US Privacy Shield
  • Opinion 01/2016 on the EU–U.S. Privacy Shield draft adequacy decision (WP238):
    • ‘Significant improvements’ over Safe Harbour, but 3 key concerns…
      • no obligation to delete personal data that had served its purpose
      • no full exclusion of massive and indiscriminate data collection; and
      • the sufficiency of the proposed Ombudsperson’s powers and independence.
    • Also:
      • key EU data protection law principles were not reflected in the draft Shield documents (notably purpose limitation, data retention/deletion and automated decision-making)
      • ‘onward transfers’ were ‘insufficiently framed’, especially their scope, purpose limitation and ‘guarantees’ applying to transfers to agents
      • the proposed new recourse mechanisms seemed difficult for individuals to use and needed further clarification; and
      • the draft decision contained only limited information regarding the complex issue of access to Privacy Shield data by US law enforcement authorities.
    • The Privacy Shield will need review after the GDPR becomes applicable in 2018.
  • Working Document 01/2016 on the justification of interferences with the fundamental rights to privacy and data protection through surveillance measures when transferring personal data (European Essential Guarantees) (WP237) - 4 essential guarantees regarding intelligence activities, based on Schrems and other relevant EU and European Court of Human Rights case law:
    1. Clear, precise, accessible rules for processing, enabling individuals to have reasonable foreknowledge of what might happen to their personal data
    2. Demonstrating necessity and proportionality regarding the legitimate objectives pursued (generally national security)
    3. An independent, effective oversight mechanism; and
    4. Effective remedies for individuals before an independent body.

18 Mar 2016

European Parliament:

29 Feb 2016

Draft Privacy Shield documents released.

EU:

WP29:

US:

11 Feb 2016

ICO:

3 Feb 2016

WP29:

2 Feb 2016

Political agreement between EU and US on new Privacy Shield.

Commission:

US:

 

6 Nov 2015

Commission Communication on the Transfer of Personal Data from the EU to the United States of America under Directive 95/46/EC following the Judgment by the Court of Justice in Case C-362/14 (Schrems), COM(2015) 566 final

  • Model clauses (SCCs) and BCRs still usable for transfers to US; also derogations
  • The Commission is ‘shortly’ preparing a decision, to be adopted pursuant to the applicable comitology procedure, replacing the provision limiting DPAs’ powers (one of the bases on which the Schrems court invalidated the Safe Harbour Decision) in all existing adequacy decisions (pgs. 14-15)
    • No such decision has been issued as at 19 September 2016

27 Oct 2015

ICO:

  • The US Safe Harbor – breached but perhaps not destroyed!
    • There is still a measure of protection for personal data transferred under the scheme – the privacy principles that members sign up to are still positive, for instance. But the assurance that meant Safe Harbor was automatically considered to provide the adequate protection required under the 8th data protection principle is no longer there
    • Don’t panic, take stock, make your own mind up (self-assessment of adequacy)
    • We’re certainly not rushing to use our enforcement powers
    • We’ll consider complaints from affected individuals, whatever transfer mechanism you’re relying on, but we’ll be sticking to our published enforcement criteria

26 October 2015

Germany:

  • Rhineland-Pfalz’s DPA asked 122 large organizations how they were implementing their US transfers; 53% answered satisfactorily, with the DPA remarking, without mentioning SCCs, that their privacy-protective positions regarding ‘no-cloud policies’ or preference of EU providers had paid off

21 October 2015

Germany:

  • DSK Position Paper - Special meeting of the Conference of Data Protection Commissioners (DSK) (German DPAs) in Frankfurt
    • Transfers to the US based ‘exclusively’ on Safe Harbor are ‘inadmissible’
    • The admissibility of transfers to the US based on model clauses (standard contractual clauses) or binding corporate rules (BCR), is also questionable
    • For the time being, [German] data protection authorities will not issue any new permission for data transfers to the  US  based on binding corporate  rules  (BCR) or data  export contracts. 
      • Presumably “data export contracts” are ad hoc contracts not model clauses, which strictly under the DPD should not require authorisation
  • Numerous individual German DPA positions – not linked to here

16 Oct 2015

WP29:

  • Statement on implementing Schrems
    • transfers to the US relying on Safe Harbour are invalid
    • ‘massive and indiscriminate surveillance’ was a ‘key element’ of the CJEU’s analysis
    • urgent ‘legal and technical’ solutions needed to enable transfers to ‘the territory’ of the US ‘that respect fundamental rights’
    • SCCs and BCRs still usable (although DPAs could still investigate complaints)
    • if, by the end of January 2016, no appropriate solution was found with the US, and depending on its assessment of transfer tools, EU DPAs were ‘committed to take all necessary and appropriate actions, which may include coordinated enforcement actions’.
       

6 Oct 2015

C-362/14 Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, ECLI:EU:C:2015:650, CJEU

  • Commission’s 2000 Safe Harbour Decision was invalid:
    • Art. 1 was invalid – it did not comply with Art. 25(6) DPD or the Charter as it did not find, duly stating reasons, that that the US in fact ‘ensures’ an adequate level of protection by reason of its domestic law or its international commitments. No need to consider content of Safe Harbour principles.
    • Art. 3 was invalid – it constrained national DPAs’ powers ‘under restrictive conditions establishing a high threshold for intervention’, which the Commission had no legislative competence to do because DPAs must have ‘complete independence’ to review data subject claims under Art. 28 DPD and the Charter
    • As Art. 1 and Art. 3 were inseparable from the rest of the Decision, the entire Decision was invalid
  • No Commission adequacy decision may prevent national DPAs from examining individuals’ claims regarding the inadequate protection of their personal data transferred to a third country; but neither national courts nor DPAs can declare Commission decisions invalid, only the CJEU can do so
  • When considering the ‘adequacy’ of protection in a third country for the purposes of a Commission Art.25(6) decision, the test is whether the country’s legal regime provides ‘essentially equivalent’ protection
  • Although strictly the court’s decision rested on the Safe Harbor Decision being invalid for the reasons stated above, but it also outlined requirements for EU legislation interfering with the Charter’s fundamental rights to private life and data protection to be valid (drawn on by WP29 in its April 2016 opinion)
  • Note: all other Commission adequacy decisions, eg on SCCs or ‘whitelisting’ certain countries for transfers, contain the same wording as the invalidated Art. 3 of the Safe Harbour Decision - so they are all also at risk of invalidation for that reason alone

US:

10 April 2014

WP29:

2013

US:

Commission:

News breaks in June 2013 regarding NSA contractor Edward Snowden’s revelations, notably, from the Guardian:

(for a detailed timeline of stories see https://wiki.openrightsgroup.org/wiki/Guardian_and_Snowden_revelations_2013)

Abbreviations

Art. 31 Committee – a Committee of EU Member State representatives, under Art.31 DPD, that votes on Commission adequacy (or inadequacy) decisions proposed under Art. 25(6) or 25(4) DPD, and certain other decisions under the DPD (flowchart of Art. 31 Committee voting and decisions)
Charter – EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
CJEU - Court of Justice of the European Union
Commission – European Commission
DPA – EU national data protection authority
DPD – EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC
FTC – US Federal Trade Commission
ICO – UK Information Commissioner
Member State – EU Member State (see diagram on the differences between the EU, EEA, EFTA etc)
Model clauses – see SCCs
SCCs – standard contractual clauses, aka ‘model clauses’, for enabling transfers of personal data outside the EEA, under various Commission Decisions
WP29 – Article 29 Working Party, comprising EU data protection regulators, with an advisory function under Art.29 DPD.

Tuesday, 17 May 2016

Article 93(2) GDPR comitology - flowchart

Under the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679), the European Commission has the power to make decisions in certain areas by way of "implementing acts", subject to approval of the relevant act by a committee under Art. 93(2) of the GDPR - which will no doubt become known as the Article 93(2) Committee (or Article 93 Committee).

When considering proposals by the European Commission, this Committee must use the "examination procedure" under the EU "comitology" process, governed by Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 - the same procedure that the Article 31 Committee under the current Data Protection Directive must use.

Flowchart

Below is a flowchart I prepared showing the Article 93(2) procedure. Click on the small image below to download the full PDF flowchart (note: amended 2 June 2016 to expand on what "positive", "negative" and "no opinion" mean).

Article 93(2) GDPR

The areas where the Article 93(2) Committee procedure applies are as follows; some are quite significant so it's important to know how the procedure works.

International transfers

Most of these areas relate to "international transfers" of personal data to third countries outside the European Economic Area or to international organisations:

  • Making decisions on the adequacy of protection of third country, territory or one or more specified sectors within a third country, or an international organisation – Art. 45(3) – or conversely on inadequacy, and repealing, amending or suspending previous adequacy decisions – Art. 45(5)
  • Adopting standard data protection clauses for allowing international transfers (the successor to the current model clauses or standard contractual clauses)– Art. 46(2)(c)
  • Approving standard data protection clauses adopted by national data protection supervisory authorities (SAs) for allowing international transfers - Art. 46(2)(d)
  • Specifying the format and procedures for the exchange of information between controllers, processors and SAs for binding corporate rules (BCRs) – Art. 47(3).

Other areas

The Art. 93(2) procedure also applies to certain other areas:

  • Laying down standard contractual clauses for controller/processor and processor/sub-processor contracts - Art. 28(7)
  • Giving EU-wide validity to an approved code of conduct, amendment or extension submitted to it (following its approval by an SA and the European Data Protection Board) - Art. 40(9)
  • Laying down technical standards for certification mechanisms and data protection seals and marks, and mechanisms to promote and recognise those certification mechanisms, seals and marks - Art. 43(9)

    (Note that the last two are relevant to international transfers also, in that transfers may be permitted to recipients who adhere to an approved code or obtain an approved certification, and who also make legally-binding commitments to apply the "appropriate safeguards" - Art. 46(2)(f).)
  • Specifying the format and procedures for mutual assistance betwee SAs and arrangements for the electronic exchange of information between SAs, and between SAs and the Board, in particular the standardised electronic format for SAs to supply information requested by other SAs – Art. 61(9)
  • Implementing acts of general scope to specify arrangements for exchange of information by electronic means between SAs and between SAs and the European Data Protection Board - Art. 67.

Article 31 Committee flowchart - Privacy Shield

The proposed EU-US Privacy Shield, intended to replace the Safe Harbour regime invalidated by the Court of Justice of the EU in Schrems, is currently being considered by a committee of representatives of EU Member States under Article 31 of the Data Protection Directive - known, of course, as the "Article 31 Committee".

When considering proposals by the European Commission, such as its draft adequacy decision to approve the Privacy Shield, this Committee must use the "examination procedure" under the EU "comitology" process, governed by Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.

Comitology is somewhat convoluted, so I've produced a flowchart explaining the different options, depending on what opinion the Article 31 Committee issues - expected to be in June 2016, but at this rate it may be later!

Explanatory paragraph added 13 June 2016: Note that the Data Protection Directive was amended from November 2003 by Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003. That changed the Article 31 Committee procedure from the one in the original Data Protection Directive, that gave the Council the final say, to the procedure set out in Decision 1999/468/EC. The 1999 Decision was itself amended a couple of times, and eventually replaced by Regulation (EU) No 182/2011. My flowchart reflects the Regulation 182/2011 procedure, which is now the applicable procedure for comitology under Article 31 of the Data Protection Directive.

There are other flowcharts on comitology, but mine just shows what's relevant to the Article 31 Committee and not other areas of law, and I believe it's clear but still informative.

Click on the small image below to download the full PDF flowchart (note: amended 2 June 2016 to expand on what "positive", "negative" and "no opinion" mean).